60:1 O you who believe, do not take My enemies and your enemies as allies, showing them affection while they disbelieve in what came to you of the truth, driving out the Messenger and you because you believe in Allah, your Lord. If you came out for My sake and My pleasure, do not take as friends My enemies by showing them affection secretly while I know what you conceal and what you proclaim. And whoever does that among you has truly gone astray from the straight path.
60:2 If they gain
the upper hand over you, they will manifestly be your enemies and extend their
hands and tongues against you with evil, and they wish that you should
disbelieve.
60:3 Neither your
relatives nor your children will benefit you; on the Day of Judgment, He will
separate you. And Allah, of what you do, is All-Seeing.
Cause
of Revelation
The scholars of Tafsir state that these
ayat were revealed concerning a companion of Messenger Muhammad [peace be upon
him], Hatib Bin Abi Balta’ah. Hatib sent a message to the disbelievers of
Quraysh informing them of a matter that Messenger Muhammad wished to keep
concealed.
Ali Bin Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased
with him, narrated: “Messenger Muhammad [peace be upon him] sent me, az-Zubayr
Bin Al-Awwam, and Al-Miqdad, with several companions from among the emigrants.
They set out and reached a place called Rowdah Khakh, where they found a woman
carrying a letter. They said to her, ‘Bring the message you are carrying.’ She
replied, ‘I have no message.’ They said to her, ‘Either you bring out the
message or we shall make you take off your clothes.’ She then brought out the
letter from the braid of her hair. They took it and brought it to Messenger
Muhammad.”
The message had been written by Hatib
Bin Abi Balta’ah to people in Makkah, informing them of certain plans of
Messenger Muhammad. The Prophet said to Hatib, “What is this?” Hatib replied,
“O Messenger, do not be hasty regarding my action. I do not belong to the tribe
of Quraysh and have no kinship ties with them. Your companions among the
emigrants have relatives who protect their families in Makkah. As I have no
such kinship, I hoped to gain their favor so they might protect my family. I
did not act out of disbelief, apostasy, or preference for disbelief after
accepting Islam.” Messenger Muhammad said, “You have spoken the truth.”
However, Umar, may Allah be pleased
with him, said, “Allow me to cut off the head of this hypocrite.” Messenger
Muhammad replied, “He participated in the Battle of Badr. You do not know that
Allah looked upon the people of Badr and said, ‘Do whatever you wish, for I
have forgiven you.’”
Then the opening ayat of SurahAl-Mumtahanah were revealed: “O you who believe, do not take My enemies
and your enemies as allies…” [60:1]
Tafsir
60:1 O you who
believe, do not take My enemies and your enemies as allies, showing them
affection while they disbelieve in what came to you of the truth, driving out
the Messenger and you because you believe in Allah, your Lord. If you came out
for My sake and My pleasure, do not take as friends My enemies by showing them
affection secretly while I know what you conceal and what you proclaim. And
whoever does that among you has truly gone astray from the straight path.
O you who believe in Allah and His
Messenger Muhammad, do not take the enemies of Allah, His Messenger, and your
own enemies as allies or intimate friends by showing them affection or
informing them of matters concerning the Prophet and the believers.
The ayah clearly indicates the
prohibition of taking the disbelievers as allies in any form. It also
emphasizes the severe warning associated with doing so.
Enmity in this ayah refers to religious
enmity, for the disbelievers reject Allah, His Messenger Muhammad, and the
Quran, and they were intent on harming Messenger Muhammad and the believers.
…while they
disbelieve in what came to you of the truth, driving out the Messenger and you
because you believe in Allah, your Lord.
The ayah provides the reason for the
prohibition. It is forbidden to take the disbelievers as allies because they
disbelieve in Allah, His Messenger Muhammad, and the Quran. They also expelled
Messenger Muhammad and the believers from Makkah because of their faith in
Allah, their Lord.
If you came out for
My sake and My pleasure, do not take as friends My enemies…
Allah, Exalted be He, urges the
believers not to befriend the disbelievers. If the believers left Makkah for
the sake of Allah and seeking His pleasure, they must not befriend the enemies
of Allah who reject His Oneness. They must not show them affection openly or
secretly, for Allah knows what they conceal and what they proclaim. Nothing of
their words or deeds is hidden from Him; therefore, they must not convey any
information of the believers to the disbelievers.
And whoever does that
among you has truly gone astray from the straight path.
Whoever among the believers befriends
the disbelievers has deviated from the straight path that leads to attaining
the pleasure of Allah.
60:2 If they gain
the upper hand over you, they will manifestly be your enemies and extend their
hands and tongues against you with evil, and they wish that you should
disbelieve.
Allah, Exalted be He, mentions
additional reasons for prohibiting alliance with the disbelievers. If the
disbelievers gain dominance over the believers, they will openly display their
enmity. They will harm the believers through their hands and tongues—through
both harmful actions and abusive speech. They also desire that the believers
should abandon belief in the Oneness of Allah and become disbelievers like
them.
In essence, the disbelievers wish harm
upon the believers and hope for their loss.
60:3 Neither your
relatives nor your children will benefit you; on the Day of Judgment, He will
separate you. And Allah, of what you do, is All-Seeing.
Some believers might reveal secrets of
the Muslims to protect their relatives in Makkah who live among the
disbelievers. However, on the Day of Judgment neither relatives nor children
will offer any benefit. On that Day, Allah, Exalted be He, will separate
people, and none will protect another from His punishment. Allah will admit the
believers into Paradise and the disbelievers into Hell.
The meaning is that kinship will offer
no benefit on the Day of Judgment. Only sincere belief in the Oneness of Allah
and righteous deeds performed for His sake will be of value.
And Allah, of what
you do, is All-Seeing.
Allah sees all that the believers do,
and nothing of their actions or words is hidden from Him. He will recompense
them with perfect justice for both good and evil deeds.
Learned
Lessons from Surah Al-Mumtahanah, Ayat 1–3
• It is prohibited for the believers to
take the disbelievers as allies.
• If a believer informs the disbelievers of matters related to the Muslims for
a worldly purpose—while sincerely believing in the Oneness of Allah, as in the
case of Hatib Bin Abi Balta’ah—he is not considered a disbeliever.
• The prohibition of allying with the disbelievers is due to their disbelief in
the Oneness of Allah and His Messenger Muhammad, their expulsion of the
Messenger and the believers from Makkah, and their deep hatred and enmity
toward the believers. Moreover, the disbelievers wish that the believers
abandon their faith.
• Allah warns the believers against befriending the disbelievers. Nothing of
human speech or action is hidden from Him, and He will recompense everyone on
the Day of Judgment for their deeds, good or evil.
• Only sincere belief in the Oneness of Allah and righteous deeds performed for
His sake will benefit a person on the Day of Judgment. Kinship and children
will not avail anyone on that Day.
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