Introduction to English Translation and Tafsir of Surah Al-Mumtahanah

 

Name of the Surah

This Surah is called Al-Mumtahinah (“The Tested [Woman]”). It was revealed in Al-Madinah and consists of thirteen Ayat.

Relationship between Surah Al-Hashr and Al-Mumtahinah

Surah Al-Hashr states that the believers are allies of one another, while the hypocrites are allies of the disbelievers among the People of the Scripture. Surah Al-Mumtahinah then prohibits the believers from taking the disbelievers as allies, lest they resemble the hypocrites.

Furthermore, Al-Hashr discusses the People of the Scripture who entered into a covenant with the believers, whereas Al-Mumtahinah addresses the disbelievers who made an agreement with the Muslims after the Treaty of Al-Hudaybiyah.

Main Themes and Topics of the Surah

The general theme of Surah Al-Mumtahinah aligns with that of other Madinan surahs, as it presents rulings related to Islamic Shariah. It discusses the regulations concerning disbelievers who did not fight against the Muslims and were granted a covenant. It also addresses the case of the believing women who emigrated to Al-Madinah and were subsequently tested regarding the sincerity of their faith.

Prohibition of Befriending Disbelievers

The Surah begins by commanding the believers not to befriend the disbelievers, outlining the reasons for this prohibition—namely, their abuse of the believers, their enmity towards Allah and the believers, and their forcing the believers to emigrate from their homeland.

O you who believe, do not take My enemies and your enemies as allies, showing them affection while they disbelieve in what came to you of the truth, driving out the Messenger and you because you believe in Allah, your Lord. If you came out for My sake and My pleasure, do not take as friends My enemies by showing them affection secretly while I know what you conceal and what you proclaim. And whoever does that among you has truly gone astray from the straight path. 60:1

The Futility of Kinship and Friendship on the Day of Judgment

The Surah then emphasizes that kinship and friendship will be of no benefit on the Day of Judgment. Only righteous deeds performed sincerely for the sake of Allah will bring salvation by His permission and bounty.

Neither your relatives nor your children will benefit you; on the Day of Judgment, He will separate you. And Allah, of what you do, is All-Seeing. 60:3

The Example of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham)

Afterward, Surah Al-Mumtahinah presents the example of Prophet Ibrahim and his followers among the believers, who renounced the disbelievers for worshipping other deities besides Allah, Exalted be He. Their example is cited so that the believers may take the father of the Prophets as their role model.

You have a good example in Abraham and those with him when they said to their people, ‘Truly we disown you and what you worship besides Allah. We disbelieve in you and enmity and hatred have arisen between us and you forever until you believe in Allah alone,’ save the saying of Ibrahim to his father. ‘I shall seek forgiveness for you, and I have no power to avail you against Allah at all.’ ‘O our Lord, in You, we put our trust, and to You we turn, and to You is the return.’ 60:4

Principles of Relations with Non-Muslims

The Surah then clarifies the principles governing relations between Muslims and others—whether disbelievers or the People of the Scripture—during times of peace and war:

Allah forbids you not as regards those who have not fought against you on account of the religion, nor expelled you from your homes, that you should be kind to them and be just with them; verily, Allah loves the just. 60:8
Allah only forbids you as to those who have fought against you on account of the religion, and expelled you from your homes, and have supported in your expulsion, that you should befriend them. And whoever befriends them – those – they are the wrongdoers. 60:9

The Case of the Emigrant Believing Women

Next, the Surah addresses the issue of the emigrant believing women. It instructs that their faith should be tested when they migrate to the land of Islam and that they should not be returned to the disbelievers. It also outlines the stipulations for accepting the pledge of allegiance from such women.

O you who believe, when believing women come to you as emigrants, test them. Allah best knows about their belief. Then, if you know them to be believers, do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful for them. And give them what they have spent, and there will be no sin on you to marry them if you have paid their bridal money. And do not hold to the marriage ties with disbelieving women. And ask for what you have spent, and let them ask for what they have spent. That is the Judgment of Allah; He judges between you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. 60:10

Final Prohibition of Alliance with Disbelievers

Finally, Surah Al-Mumtahinah reiterates the prohibition of befriending those against whom Allah is wrathful.

O you who believe, do not befriend a people against whom Allah is wrathful. They have despaired of the Hereafter just as the disbelievers have despaired of the inhabitants of the graves. 60:13

 

English Translation of Surah Al-Hashr Ayah 21–24; The Sublime Rank of the Names of Allah and the Quran

 

59:21 Had We revealed this Quran to a mountain, you would have seen it humbled, split asunder out of the fear of Allah. And these similitudes – We put forward for people that they may reflect.

59:22 He is Allah; there is no god worthy of worship but Him. He is the Knower of the Unseen and the Visible; He is the Giver of Mercy, the All-Merciful.

59:23 He is Allah; there is no god worthy of worship but Him. He is the King, the Holy, the One Free from all defects, the Giver of security, the Watcher over His creatures, the All-Mighty, the Subduer, the All-Sublime. Glory be to Allah; He is above what they worship besides Him.

59:24 He is Allah, the Creator, the Maker, the Shaper. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names. All that is in the heavens and the earth glorifies Him, and He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise.

Relationship with the Preceding Part

In the earlier section, the condition of the Jews and the hypocrites was clarified. The believers were commanded to fear Allah by obeying His commands and avoiding His prohibitions, as well as to prepare for the Day of Judgment. This present section emphasizes the lofty rank of the Quran, revealed by Allah, Exalted be He, to guide humanity to what secures their happiness in both this world and the Hereafter. It also mentions some of the Beautiful Names of Allah.

Tafsir

“Had We revealed this Quran to a mountain, you would have seen it humbled, split asunder out of the fear of Allah. And those similitudes – We put forward for people that they may reflect.” 59:21

The Quran, with its eloquence and beneficial lessons, possesses immense rank, softening the hearts through its powerful guidance. If it were revealed to a mountain, despite its hardness, the mountain would humble itself and split apart from fear of Allah and His punishment.

This illustrates the sublime position of the Quran and its profound effect on souls and hearts. It contains beneficial admonitions, deterrent warnings, truthful promises from Allah to reward the righteous for their deeds, and stern threats of punishment for the wrongdoers. If even the mighty mountains, despite their firmness, would split asunder upon comprehending the meanings of the Quran, how then can human hearts remain unmoved when listening to its recitation and understanding its meanings?

“And those similitudes – We put forward for people that they may reflect.”

These similitudes are mentioned by Allah in the Quran so that people may reflect and take lessons. The purpose is to highlight the extreme hardness of the disbelievers’ hearts, for they remain unmoved by the Quran, whereas the solid mountains would tremble and split if they heard its recitation.

“He is Allah; there is no god worthy of worship but Him. He is the Knower of the Unseen and the Visible; He is the Giver of Mercy, the All-Merciful.” 59:22

The preceding ayah described the greatness of the Quran. Since the greatness of any attribute is derived from the greatness of its source, Allah introduces Himself here to establish His majesty and glory.

Allah alone is the true God; no one besides Him deserves worship.

He is the Knower of the Unseen and the Visible. He knows what people cannot perceive with their eyes or discern with their intellect, as well as what they can see and understand.

He is the Giver of Mercy and the All-Merciful. His mercy encompasses all things, extending over both this world and the Hereafter.

“He is Allah; there is no god worthy of worship but Him. He is the King, the Holy, the One Free from all defects, the Giver of security, the Watcher over His creatures, the All-Mighty, the Subduer, the All-Sublime. Glory be to Allah; He is above what they worship besides Him.” 59:23

This ayah enumerates some of the Beautiful Names andAttributes of Allah:

The King: Allah possesses complete sovereignty over the entire universe and absolute authority over all creation.

The Holy: He is exalted and entirely free from any defects or imperfections. The positioning of “the Holy” after “the King” signifies that although Allah owns and governs everything, He exercises His authority with absolute justice.

The Giver of Security: He is free from anything unbefitting His majesty and grants safety to His believing servants, protecting them from His punishment.

The Watcher: Nothing of His creatures’ deeds, words, or conditions is hidden from Him.

The All-Mighty: None can overcome Him, and nothing can withstand His Perfect Will.

The Subduer: His power is absolute; no creature can escape or resist it.

The All-Sublime: He is characterized by Glory, Majesty, and Sublimity, free from anything unworthy of His exalted status.

Glory be to Allah, Who is above what the disbelievers worship besides Him.

“He is Allah, the Creator, the Maker, the Shaper. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names. All that is in the heavens and the earth glorifies Him, and He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise.” 59:24

The Creator: Allah brings all things into existence by His perfect Will and Wisdom.

The Maker: He originates and fashions all things, causing them to exist from non-existence.

The Shaper: He gives form and appearance to creation, granting diverse features and qualities.

To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names and Attributes. None resembles Him in His Names or Attributes, for He is free from all defects and imperfections.

“All that is in the heavens and the earth glorifies Him, and He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise.”

All creation, in the heavens and the earth, glorifies and praises Allah. He is the All-Mighty, whom none can overcome, and the All-Wise, Who governs the universe with perfect Wisdom and Will.

Prophetic Hadith on the Names of Allah

Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with him, reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

“Allah has ninety-nine names – one hundred minus one. Whoever memorizes them will enter Paradise.”
[Memorization of the Names and Attributes of Allah includes understanding their meanings.]

It should be noted that the Names and Attributes of Allah are not limited to ninety-nine. This is supported by the following narration:

Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud, may Allah be pleased with him, reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

“When a person is afflicted by distress or sorrow and says, ‘O Allah, I am Your slave, the son of Your slave and female slave. I have no control over my affairs; Your judgment is effective upon me, and Your decree is just upon me. I ask You by every name by which You have named Yourself, revealed in Your Scriptures, taught to any of Your creatures, or kept in the unseen with You. O Allah, I ask You to make the Quran the wellspring of my heart, the light of my chest, a means for removing my distress, and clearing away my sorrow,’ Allah will remove his distress and replace his sorrow with joy.”

The companions of the Messenger of Allah said: “O Messenger of Allah, should we learn these words?” He replied: “Yes; whoever hears them should learn them.”

Learned Lessons from Surah Al-Hashr Ayah 21–24

Allah, Exalted be He, calls people to reflect upon the lessons of the Quran. There is no excuse for neglecting contemplation of its ayat. If the Quran were revealed to a mountain, despite its hardness, it would have split apart out of fear of Allah.

Allah knows the hidden and the manifest, the past and the future, what people perceive and what they cannot, what belongs to this world and what lies in the Hereafter. Nothing is concealed from His perfect Knowledge.

 

 

English Translation and Tafsir of Surah Al-Hashr Ayah (18-20) Commanding to Fear Allah

 

O you who believe! Fear Allah and let every soul consider what it has forwarded for tomorrow. And fear Allah; verily, Allah is All-Aware of what you do. 59:18

And be not like those who forget Allah, and He made them forget their own selves – those are the transgressors. 59:19

Not equal are the inhabitants of the Fire and the inhabitants of Paradise. The inhabitants of Paradise – they are the successful. 59:20

Relationship with the Previous Part

The previous section refers to the conditions of the hypocrites and the Jews. Then, Allah commands believers to fear Him by obeying His commands and avoiding His prohibitions. He also commands the believers to prepare for the Hereafter by performing righteous deeds for Allah's sake and warns against following in the footsteps of the people of Hell. The ayat mention that the people of Paradise shall be successful while the dwellers of Hell, who disobey Allah's commands, shall be the losers.

Tafsir

"O you who believe! Fear Allah and let every soul consider what it has forwarded for tomorrow. And fear Allah; verily, Allah is All-Aware of what you do." 59:18

O believers, who believe in the Oneness of Allah and the message that Messenger Muhammad brought from Allah, fear Allah by obeying His commands and avoiding His prohibitions. Let every soul consider what it has forwarded for the Hereafter. Let it consider the righteous deeds that it performed for Allah's sake. You should call yourselves to account in this world before you are called to account on the Day of Judgment. Fear Allah and beware of disobeying His commands, for His punishment is severe. Verily, Allah is fully aware of all your deeds, and nothing is hidden from His perfect knowledge.

The ayah refers to the Day of Judgment as "tomorrow" since it will certainly take place, no matter how long it may take to occur.

Allah commands believers to fear Him because fear of Allah is the safest means leading to salvation on the Day of Judgment.

"And be not like those who forget Allah, and He made them forget their own selves – those are the transgressors." 59:19

After commanding believers to fear Allah, they are commanded not to be like those whose hearts are void of fear of Allah.

O believers, you should always fear Allah by obeying His commands and avoiding His prohibitions. Beware of being like those who refrain from complying with Allah's commands. Thus, He, out of His wisdom and justice, left them to their own devices by making them forget their own selves. Consequently, they have not endeavored to attain what benefits them; rather, they have done what harms their own selves.

Those are the transgressors. Indeed, such people are the transgressors as they have refrained from obeying Allah's commands, gone beyond the limits set by Allah, and refused to believe in the revelation that Allah revealed to His Prophets and Messengers. Their abode will be Hell, wherein they will suffer painful torment.

"Not equal are the inhabitants of the Fire and the inhabitants of Paradise. The inhabitants of Paradise – they are the successful." 59:20

Not equal in the sight of Allah and His recompense are the inhabitants of the Fire and the inhabitants of Paradise. The inhabitants of Paradise are the successful. They shall attain the utmost happiness that cannot be compared with any other pleasure.

It should be noted that the ayah does not specify how the inhabitants of the Fire are not equal to the inhabitants of Paradise, indicating that there are differences between them. There are great differences in their behaviors, their deeds, their understanding, their viewpoint of life, and their final destination.

Learned Lessons From Surah Al-Hashr Ayah 18-20

• It is obligatory to fear Allah by obeying His commands and avoiding His prohibitions.

• The command to fear Allah is repeated for emphasis. It is commanded to fear Allah, to perform obligations, and to repent of past sins. Then, the command is repeated to avoid sins in the future.

• Allah commands the believers not to be like those who disregard Allah's commands, which makes them forget their own selves by not performing righteous deeds. Thus, they become transgressors.

• There is a clear difference between the believers, who will be the inhabitants of Paradise, and the disbelievers, who will be the inhabitants of Hell. The inhabitants of Paradise shall be successful, and the inhabitants of Hell will be the losers.

 

The Ultimate Betrayal: Lessons from Satan’s Deception and the Reality of Divine Justice

 

Betrayal and Its Deepest Form

Among human experiences, few wounds cut as sharply as betrayal—whether it comes from a trusted friend, a mentor who misguides, or a companion who abandons us when trials arrive. Such experiences leave lasting marks on the soul. Yet there is a betrayal far older and deeper than any human act of disloyalty: the betrayal of Satan, the declared adversary of humanity. His ongoing strategy of deception and eventual abandonment has affected every person since the beginning of time, making his treachery the most universal and consequential.

Quranic Warning of Deception

The Quran captures this reality in Surah Al-Hashr, where Satan’s pattern is unveiled with striking clarity: “Like Satan, when he said to man, ‘Disbelieve,’ but when he disbelieved, he said, ‘I have nothing to do with you; I truly fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds.’ So the outcome for both is the Fire, in which they will remain. That is the recompense for the wrongdoers” (59:16–17).

These Ayat show not only the trickery of Satan but also the outcome awaiting both him and those he deceives. They hold up a mirror to human life: the false friend who abandons us, the influencer who leads us astray, or the companion who encourages harmful choices and then denies responsibility. In today’s world of social media, peer pressure, and shifting cultural norms, this pattern of deception is as relevant as ever.

What These Ayat Teach

These divine words remind us of accountability, the meaning of genuine loyalty, and the justice that governs creation. They urge us to be thoughtful about the voices we follow and the influences we accept. The story of Satan’s betrayal is not only an ancient narrative but also a timeless lesson for navigating modern relationships and societal pressures.

The Anatomy of Satan’s DeceptiveMethod

To appreciate the depth of Satan’s betrayal, one must understand his approach. His scheme is neither random nor new. It is a consistent, calculated manipulation designed to exploit human desires and weaknesses. His instrument is suggestion—soft whispers that reframe disobedience as harmless or even rewarding.

Satan rarely begins with obvious calls to evil. Instead, he disguises temptation as freedom, pleasure, success, or enlightenment. He whispers “Disbelieve,” but cloaks disbelief as personal growth, independence, or liberation from restrictions.

This mirrors toxic relationships in daily life. Just as an abuser might begin with charm and false promises, Satan decorates sin with appealing justifications. He may suggest that one small compromise is harmless, that “everyone does it,” or that indulgence is deserved. By appealing to ego, impatience, and shortcuts to gratification, he draws people step by step into greater disobedience.

What makes his method so effective is its gradual nature. He knows people often fall through a series of minor concessions rather than a single great leap. Over time, these concessions accumulate until a person finds themselves engaged in actions they never imagined possible.

Satan also isolates. He encourages distance from those who remind us of faith, framing “true friendship” as unconditional approval rather than accountability. By cutting off supportive voices, he leaves individuals more vulnerable to his whispers.

Even more dangerous is his adaptability. He tailors his approach to personalities and circumstances: appealing to pride in one, insecurity in another, fear in a third. He can push generosity into negligence, or caution into paralyzing mistrust of Allah. Each temptation feels custom-made for the individual.

Modern society amplifies these tactics. Social platforms nurture envy and vanity, entertainment normalizes destructive behavior, and intellectual circles sometimes promote ideas that erode moral foundations. The context shifts, but the strategy remains constant: framing disobedience as attractive, logical, or inevitable.

The Moment of Abandonment

The most chilling part of Satan’s betrayal comes when his mask falls. After persuading someone to disobey Allah, he abandons them at their lowest point: “I disown you; I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds.”

This is the ultimate betrayal—deserting someone after leading them astray. It echoes toxic dynamics in human life: the drug dealer who feeds addiction but vanishes during recovery, the reckless friend who disappears when consequences arrive, or the influencer who profits from harmful lifestyles yet disclaims responsibility for the damage.

Satan’s cruelty deepens with hypocrisy. Not only does he refuse to help, but he presents himself as morally superior to the very soul he misled. He claims fear of Allah after urging disobedience, making his follower seem more guilty than himself.

The psychological devastation is severe. The person experiences both the consequence of their sin and the sting of betrayal. Abandoned, they carry double suffering: guilt for wrongdoing and despair from being deserted by the one who encouraged it.

This abandonment is a timeless lesson. It shows the emptiness of influences that encourage compromise but refuse responsibility. Genuine mentors and friends stand beside us in both ease and hardship; false ones vanish when accountability arrives.

The Shared Fate and the Reality of Divine Justice

The Quran makes the outcome plain: “Their end is that both are in the Fire, abiding therein.” No denial, no excuse, no shifting of blame alters this decree. Both Satan and his followers share the same fate.

This reveals the emptiness of his disavowal. His claim of innocence cannot cancel divine justice, which holds accountable both the misleader and the misled. Leaders who corrupt, influencers who normalize harm, and companions who encourage wrongdoing—all face responsibility alongside those who choose to follow.

At the same time, individuals cannot escape their own responsibility. Influence does not erase accountability; each person remains answerable for their choices. Justice, therefore, is perfectly balanced: no follower is excused entirely, and no tempter is spared.

Unlike human systems, where the powerful often evade consequences, divine justice is impartial. It judges all by action and intent, regardless of status. This principle is both a warning and a reassurance: a warning against following or becoming negative influences, reassurance that justice will ultimately be done.

Living with Awareness and Making Better Choices

Recognizing Satan’s methods should shape how we live. It calls us to discernment in relationships and choices. We must ask: Who benefits from this influence? What are the long-term consequences? Will this person stand by me if things go wrong? These questions expose the difference between sincere guides and destructive influences.

Awareness also teaches personal responsibility. Even when misled, our choices remain ours. Accountability lies in seeking guidance before acting and in resisting harmful influences.

This understanding fosters compassion for those deceived. Rather than harsh judgment, we see them as victims of manipulation, needing support to return to the right path. Compassion does not excuse sin, but it enables us to respond with mercy.

It should also inspire us to be trustworthy influencers. Knowing the pain of abandonment should drive us to encourage righteousness and take responsibility for our guidance. True leadership means standing with others in both success and struggle.

Above all, these lessons remind us that connection with Allah is the strongest protection. Satan’s whispers grow powerful when remembrance fades. Prayer, Quran, knowledge, and righteous company create a shield that weakens his influence.

The Ayat in Surah Al-Hashr do more than warn us of Satan’s treachery—they provide a guide for understanding relationships, influence, and accountability. Satan tempts with false promises, then abandons those who listen. This pattern repeats in countless human contexts, from personal relationships to societal trends.

The ultimate message is twofold: the deceiver and the deceived share responsibility and consequences, and divine justice spares no one. Yet hope is always present. Recognizing these patterns equips us to choose better influences, to support others with sincerity, and to remain anchored to Allah’s guidance.

The shared fate of Satan and his followers underscores the futility of his rebellion and the certainty of divine justice. This knowledge empowers us to resist deception, live responsibly, and build a life—and a society—rooted in genuine guidance, accountability, and divine protection.

 

 

Usul al-Fiqh Made Simple: A Concise Guide to Islamic Legal Theory

 

Usul al-Fiqh Made Simple: A Concise Guide to Islamic Legal Theory, Based on al-Waraqat by Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni
Classical Foundation Explained for Students and Readers of Islamic Law

Allah, exalted be He, created humankind and blessed them by sending messengers and prophets to guide them to the straight path leading to His pleasure. Islam, brought by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), is the final and complete message. The rules of Islamic law are built upon evidence from the Quran and the Sunnah, some of which is conclusive, while others are open to interpretation.

The science of Usul al-Fiqh—the principles of Islamic jurisprudence—explores the sources of law, their authenticity, order, and the methods by which rulings are derived. It also addresses the qualities required in those who deduce these rulings.

Based on al-Waraqat by Imām al-Jūwaynī, this book offers a clear and accessible explanation of one of the most influential classical works in Islamic legal theory. Written in simple language, it is designed for students, beginners, and readers seeking to understand the foundations of Shariah law without getting lost in technical complexities.

Whether you are embarking on your first study of Islamic jurisprudence or looking to strengthen your foundational knowledge, Usul al-Fiqh Made Simple provides a concise, reliable, and engaging guide to mastering this essential science.

#UsulAlFiqh #IslamicLaw #LegalTheory #AlWaraqat #ImamAlHaramayn

 

 

Key Lessons from Surah al-Hashr: Quran Tafsir and Reflections for Daily Life

 

In times of uncertainty and change, we often search for guidance that goes beyond our immediate circumstances. Surah al-Hashr, the 59th chapter of the Quran—meaning “The Exile”—offers wisdom that speaks directly to the challenges of daily life. Revealed in the context of the Banu Nadir’s exile from Medina, this surah turns a specific historical moment into timeless lessons on faith, community, and personal growth.

When Plans Don’t Go According to Plan

The opening Ayat of Surah al-Hashr reveal a powerful truth: Allah’s wisdom often unfolds in ways we do not expect. The Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir relied on what they thought were unshakable fortresses, trusting in their strategy and alliances. Yet in an instant, their security collapsed.

“They thought that their fortresses would protect them from Allah, but Allah came upon them from where they had not expected” (59:2).

How often do we experience the same? We invest in jobs, savings, or social networks as sources of safety, only to find life unraveling in unexpected ways. The surah teaches that lasting security isn’t found in human defenses but in the depth of our reliance on Allah.

Practically, this means combining effort with surrender. Prepare carefully for that job interview, but recognize that the result is in Allah’s hands. Work toward your dreams, but hold them lightly, accepting Allah’s decree. This balance between striving and trusting is the essence of tawakkul.

The Test of True Friendship

One of the most insightful passages in Surah al-Hashr highlights the hypocrites who promised loyalty to the Banu Nadir but abandoned them when pressure mounted. The Quran exposes their false assurances:

“If you are expelled, we will surely leave with you… but Allah bears witness that they are liars” (59:11).

This lesson resonates today, when superficial ties—especially in the social media age—often masquerade as real friendships. The surah reminds us to distinguish between those who are present only in good times and those who remain steadfast in hardship.

It also challenges us to reflect on ourselves: are we reliable friends to others? Real friendships grow when we move past appearances and invest in ties grounded in shared principles and genuine loyalty.

The Medicine of Divine Names

Perhaps the most uplifting section of Surah al-Hashr comes at its close, where Allah reveals some of His beautiful names:

“He is Allah; there is no god worthy of worship but Him. He is the King, the Holy, the One Free from all defects, the Giver of security, the Watcher over His creatures, the All-Mighty, the Subduer, the All-Sublime… He is Allah, the Creator, the Maker, the Shaper. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names…” (59:22–23).

These names are more than theology—they are medicine for the soul. When anxiety takes hold, reflect on As-Sabur (The Patient) and learn to show yourself and others patience. When injustice weighs heavy, remember Al-Hakeem (The Wise) and trust that Allah’s wisdom exceeds human perception.

Beyond reciting these names, we are called to embody them. Show Ar-Rahman (The Compassionate) in how you treat a difficult relative. Practice As-Sabur when waiting in traffic or coping with delays. These small acts transform daily struggles into opportunities for spiritual growth.

The Economics of Generosity

Surah al-Hashr also addresses wealth distribution through fay’—resources gained without battle. The Quran emphasizes that such wealth belongs to Allah and must benefit the wider community, especially the vulnerable.

This challenges the way we often view wealth today. Islam permits prosperity, but it frames it as a trust, not merely as private property. The example of the Ansar—who welcomed the Muhajirin with open homes and shared resources—shows wealth in its noblest form.

For us, this may mean mentoring a newcomer in our field, volunteering with refugee programs, or simply giving time and skills generously. Understand wealth as a responsibility we hold for Allah’s sake, not simply as a personal prize. What we share in Allah’s cause is never lost—it is transformed into lasting reward.

Daily Self-Audit

One of the most practical Ayat of the Quran appears in this surah:

“O you who believe! Fear Allah and let every soul consider what it has forwarded for tomorrow. And fear Allah; verily, Allah is All-Aware of what you do.” (59:18).

This Ayah establishes what we might call the earliest system of daily self-reflection. Unlike modern productivity checklists that focus only on worldly success, this framework asks us to measure our actions against eternal values.

A simple evening habit could be to pause and ask: What did I send forth today for the akhirah? Did I support someone in need, strengthen ties, seek knowledge, or bring comfort to another person? The aim isn’t perfection but steady growth and awareness.

Living the Lessons

Surah al-Hashr transforms history into guidance for every age. It teaches us to plan while surrendering to Allah’s will, to seek sincerity in relationships, to draw strength from Allah’s beautiful names, to treat wealth as a trust, and to examine our lives daily with eternal goals in mind.

The wisdom that once guided the early Muslim community continues to illuminate our path today. Career uncertainty, family struggles, financial stress, or spiritual dryness—all can be reframed through the surah’s lessons. Every hardship carries seeds of growth, and every moment offers an opening to draw closer to Allah.

The real question isn’t whether challenges will come, but whether we will meet them with the wisdom Allah has already provided. May we not only read these Ayat but live them, transforming divine guidance into conscious action.

#QuranicReflections #SurahAlHashr #IslamicWisdom #Tafsir #DailyDeen

 

English Translation and Tafsir of Surah Al-Hashr Ayahs 11-17, Complicity of the Hypocrites and the Jews and Their Recompense

 

Have you not seen those who are hypocrites? They say to their brothers, who disbelieve, among the People of the Book, "If you are expelled, we shall go forth with you and we shall never obey anyone concerning you, and if you are fought against, we shall help you." And Allah bears witness that they are truly liars. 59:11

If they are expelled, they will not go forth with them, and if they are fought against, they will not help them. And if they helped them, they would surely turn their backs in flight, and they would not be helped. 59:12

Truly, you arouse greater fear in their hearts than Allah; that is because they are people who understand not. 59:13

They will not fight against you all together except in fortified cities, or from behind walls. Their enmity among themselves is great. You think that they are united, but their hearts are divided, that is because they are a people who have no sense. 59:14

Like those before them, a short while - they tasted the evil consequence of their conduct, and for them will be painful torment. 59:15

Like Satan, when he said to man, "Disbelieve," then, when he disbelieved, he said, "Surely, I disown you; I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds." 59:16

Their end is that both are in the Fire, abiding therein, and that is the recompense of the wrong-doers. 59:17

Relationship with the Previous Part

The previous part mentions the fate of Banu an-Nadir and Islamic rulings on the distribution of spoils of war. This part then refers to the suspicious relationship between the hypocrites and the Jews. The hypocrites belonged outwardly to the believers among the inhabitants of al-Madinah; however, they used to support and help the Jews secretly. Thus, they were brothers of the Jews in disbelief and their friends in their enmity against the believers. Such relationships are repeated at all times. We find that those whose beliefs and souls are weak and the traitors among the Muslim nation support and help their enemies. Moreover, some people promise others to help them concerning something, but they forsake them in times of crisis.

Tafsir

Have you not seen those who are hypocrites? They say to their brothers, who disbelieve, among the People of the Book, "If you are expelled, we shall go forth with you and we shall never obey anyone concerning you, and if you are fought against, we shall help you." And Allah bears witness that they are truly liars. 59:11

Have you not seen those who are hypocrites?

This ayah narrates the false statements of the disbelievers and the hypocrites. The address is directed to Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him) and to whoever is eligible to be addressed.

They say to their brothers, who disbelieve, among the People of the Book,

Brotherhood in this ayah means brotherhood in disbelief and disobedience to Allah.

O noble Messenger Muhammad, have you not seen the condition of the hypocrites who outwardly claim that they are believers while they are secretly disbelievers?

When the believers besieged the Jews of Banu an-Nadir, the hypocrites said to their brothers in disbelief in the Oneness of Allah among the Jews, "If you are expelled from your homes, we shall go forth with you. We shall never obey anyone who wants to attack you or intends to prevent us from helping and supporting you. If the Muslims fight against you, we shall help and defend you."

AbdullahIbn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them, said, "The hypocrites in the ayah refer to Abdullah Ibn Abi Salul and his companions. "

And Allah bears witness that they are truly liars.

This is a refutation of the claim of the hypocrites. Allah, Exalted be He, bears witness that the hypocrites are truly liars in their statement and promise to the Jews of Banu an-Nadir.

Indeed, the Jews knew the falsity of the hypocrites' statement from firsthand experience. The hypocrites did not support the Jews when the Muslims besieged them. Allah cast terror in the hearts of the Jews and asked Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him) to let them leave their homes in return for leaving their wealth for the Muslims.

If they are expelled, they will not go forth with them, and if they are fought against, they will not help them. And if they helped them, they would surely turn their backs in flight, and they would not be helped. 59:12

This ayah refutes the false claims of the hypocrites in detail.

If the Muslims expelled the Jews from their homes, the hypocrites would not go forth with them, and if the Muslims fought against the Jews, the hypocrites would not help them. And if the hypocrites helped the Jews, they would surely turn their backs in flight for fear of the Muslims. Then, they would not be helped, and the Jews would not be helped because they both come together to support falsehood, and their hearts are full of cowardliness, weakness, and extreme love for the present life.

In other words, if the hypocrites helped the Jews, they would flee from the battlefield. Then, they would never be helped, and Allah would destroy them. Thus, their hypocrisy would not benefit them at all since their true personality would be unveiled.

In sum, ayahs 11 and 12 describe the hypocrites as being disbelievers, disobedient, allied with the enemies of Islam, breaking their covenants and promises, being cowardly, and liars.

In fact, what happened in reality was identical to what the Quran mentions. The hypocrites did not go forth with the Jews, and they did not help the Jews when they fought against the Muslims.

Truly, you arouse greater fear in their hearts than Allah; that is because they are people who understand not. 59:13

O believers, truly, you arouse greater fear in the hearts of the hypocrites and the Jews than Allah, Who created them, though they must fear Him alone. That is because the hypocrites and the Jews are people who do not understand and do not know the truth. They do not revere Allah as He must be revered, and they do not comprehend the greatness of Allah and His perfect power.

The intended meaning is that the concealed fear in the hearts of the hypocrites and the Jews is known only to Allah, Exalted be He, as they pretend to be powerful before the believers, though they extremely fear the believers.

They will not fight against you all together except in fortified cities, or from behind walls. Their enmity among themselves is great. You think that they are united, but their hearts are divided. That is because they are a people who have no sense. 59:14

This Ayah describes the method adopted by the Jews and the hypocrites when fighting against the believers. They will not fight collectively except from within fortified cities or from behind walls, due to their extreme fear of confronting the believers. They seek any form of protection—such as walls and forts—to shield themselves from attack, and they only engage in battle when forced to do so.

The Ayah further reveals the true nature of the relationship between the Jews and the hypocrites. Although they appear outwardly united, their enmity among themselves is severe, and their hearts are divided. Their intentions and opinions differ because enmity and hatred prevail among them. This division stems from their lack of sense, as they turn away from the path that pleases Allah, exalted be He.

Qatadah, may Allah have mercy on him, said regarding this Ayah: “Followers of falsehood are divided. Their testimonies differ, their whims differ, and their deeds differ. They are united only in their enmity against the followers of the truth.”

Like those before them, a short while—they tested the evil consequence of their conduct, and for them will be painful torment. 59:15

This Ayah presents an example illustrating the weakness and insignificance of the enemies of Islam.

The condition of the Jews of Banu An-Nadir and the hypocrites in their stance toward Islam and the believers resembled that of the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa, who were expelled from Al-Madinah earlier because of their betrayal of the Muslims. It was also similar to the condition of the Quraysh tribe, who were defeated at the Battle of Badr at the hands of the Muslims. Both the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa and the Quraysh experienced the evil consequences of their disbelief and betrayal in this world. As for the Hereafter, severe and humiliating torment awaits them.

The similarity lies in the fact that all were deceived by their wealth and power, which led them to arrogantly violate their covenants with the Muslims. The consequence of their evil conduct was humiliation in this life, and painful punishment awaits them on the Day of Judgment.

Like Satan, when he said to man, ‘Disbelieve.’ Then, when he disbelieved, he said, ‘Surely, I disown you; I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds.’ 59:16

This Ayah provides another example illustrating the condition of the Jews and the hypocrites in their dealings with the Muslims.

The behavior of the hypocrites, when they encouraged the Jews of Banu An-Nadir to engage in corruption and evil conduct, is likened to Satan’s attitude toward man. Satan beautified disbelief when he said, “Disbelieve in the Oneness of Allah.” When man accepted Satan’s suggestion and disbelieved, he died upon disbelief. On the Day of Judgment, he will face the evil consequence of his rejection of Allah by entering Hell and suffering its severe punishment. On that day, he will encounter Satan and blame him for his ruin, but Satan will declare: “I disown you; I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds.”

Similarly, the hypocrites abandoned the Jews of Banu An-Nadir at the time of confrontation with the Muslims, just as Satan disowns man at the time of reckoning.

Their end is that both are in the Fire, abiding therein, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers. 59:17

The end of Satan and the disbeliever will be the Fire. They will enter Hell and remain therein, enduring its severe torment. This is the recompense of the wrongdoers.

Key Lessons from Surah Al-Hashr, Ayah 11–17

• There is friendship and alliance between the hypocrites and the Jews because of their shared disbelief and their common enmity toward Messenger Muhammad ﷺ and the Muslims.
• The hypocrites did not leave Al-Madinah with the Jews as they had promised, claiming that they would accompany them if they were expelled. This is clear evidence of the truthfulness of Messenger Muhammad ﷺ, who had informed them about their betrayal before it occurred.
• The hypocrites would not assist the Jews in their fight against the Muslims. Even if they attempted to support them, they would surely turn their backs and flee out of fear of the believers.
• The Jews of Banu An-Nadir feared the Muslims more than they feared Allah, because they did not understand His greatness and power, exalted be He.
• The Jews and the hypocrites could not fight the Muslims directly unless protected in fortresses, castles, or behind walls and fences. They were too cowardly to face the Muslims openly, and they lacked true unity. Allah cast terror into their hearts and granted support and victory to the Muslims.
• The expulsion of the Jews of Banu An-Nadir from Al-Madinah was a punishment similar to that suffered by the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa and by the Quraysh at the Battle of Badr. They will also face painful torment in the Hereafter.
• The betrayal and broken promises of the Jews and hypocrites resembled the attitude of Satan. Satan incited man to disbelieve in the Oneness of Allah, and when man obeyed and disbelieved, Satan disowned him, claiming that he feared Allah, the Lord of the worlds. The recompense of the hypocrites, Satan, and the disbelievers will be painful torment in Hell on the Day of Judgment.

Practical Lessons

1.      Beware of false alliances: Alliances based on disbelief or opposition to the truth are fragile and doomed to collapse, as betrayal and disunity are inevitable among those who reject Allah.

2.     Trust in Allah’s promise: Victory and protection come only from Allah. Believers should place their reliance upon Him rather than fearing the plots of hypocrites or disbelievers.

3.     Learn from history: The repeated downfall of those who oppose Allah and His Messenger is a reminder that disobedience, betrayal, and arrogance always lead to humiliation in this world and punishment in the Hereafter.

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